username

Ricardo has discovered the username for an application in his target’s environment. As he has a limited amount of time, he decides to attempt to use a list of common password he found on Internet. He compiles them into a list and then feeds that list as an argument into his password-cracking application. What type of attack is Ricardo performing?

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Ricardo has discovered the username for an application in his target’s environment. As he has a limited amount of time, he decides to attempt to use a list of common password he found on Internet. He compiles them into a list and then feeds that list as an argument into his password-cracking application.
What type of attack is Ricardo performing?

Option 1 : Dictionary
Option 2 : Password Spraying
Option 3 : Known plaintext
Option 4 : Brute force

1. Dictionary

A dictionary Attack as an attack vector utilized by the attacker to break in a very system, that is password protected, by golf shot technically each word in a very dictionary as a variety of password for that system. This attack vector could be a variety of Brute Force Attack.
The lexicon will contain words from an English dictionary and conjointly some leaked list of commonly used passwords and once combined with common character substitution with numbers, will generally be terribly effective and quick.

How is it done?

Basically, it’s attempting each single word that’s already ready. it’s done victimization machine-controlled tools that strive all the possible words within the dictionary.
Some password Cracking Software:
• John the ripper
• L0phtCrack
• Aircrack-ng

2. password Spraying

Password spraying is an attack technique during which an adversary attempts to compromise user accounts by making an attempt to authenticate with a curated list of passwords that area unit either oft used or likely to be utilized by their target. password spraying may be conducted by an external adversary against any internet-facing system or SaaS application, or by an adversary that has gained a position among the network and is seeking to widen their access.

Frequent targets for password spraying include VPN servers, web-based email applications, and single sign-on providers. Unlike credential stuffing where an adversary is targeting specific users with previously compromised passwords, password spraying is about trying common or likely passwords against as many users as possible. Thus, many adversaries structure their attacks to avoid detection, perhaps only trying one password for each user account at a time or waiting some time between each attempt.

3. known plaintext

During known-plaintext attacks, the attacker has an access to the ciphertext and its corresponding plaintext. His goal is to guess the key key (or variety of secret keys) or to develop an rule which would permit him to decrypt any more messages.
This gives the attacker a lot of larger prospects to break the cipher than simply by activity ciphertext solely attacks. However, he’s no able to actively give customized information or secret keys which might be processed by the cipher.

Known-Plaintext Attack potency

Known-plaintext attacks are only after they area unit used against the best types of ciphers. for instance, applying them against easy substitution ciphers permits the assaulter to interrupt them soon.
Known-plaintext attacks were commonly used for assaultive the ciphers used throughout the Second war. the foremost notably example would be maybe the makes an attempt created by land whereas attacking German Enigma ciphers. nation intelligence targeted some common phrases, commonly showing in encrypted German messages, like weather forecasts or geographical username.
The simple XOR cipher, employed in the first days of computers, may be conjointly broken simply by knowing just some elements of plaintext and corresponding encrypted messages.
Modern ciphers area unit usually resistant against strictly known-plaintext attacks. one among the unfortunate exceptions was the recent encoding technique victimization in PKZIP application. Having only 1 copy of encrypted file, along side its original version, it absolutely was potential to utterly recover the key key.
In most cases but, the assaulter ought to use additional subtle forms of cryptographical attacks so as to interrupt a well-designed trendy cipher.

4. Brute force

A brute force attack could be a popular cracking method: by some accounts, brute force attacks accounted for five%  has a of confirmed security breaches. A brute force attack involves ‘guessing’ username and passwords to achieve unauthorized access to a system. Brute force could be a easy attack methodology and encompasses a high success rate.
Some attackers use applications and scripts as brute force tools. These tools attempt various parole combos to bypass authentication processes. In different cases, attackers try and access net applications by sorting out the correct session ID. offender motivation might embody stealing data, infecting sites with malware, or disrupting service.
While some attackers still perform brute force attacks manually, nowadays most brute force attacks nowadays area unit performed by bots. Attackers have lists of ordinarily used credentials, or real user credentials, obtained via security breaches or the dark net. Bots consistently attack websites and take a look at these lists of credentials, and apprize the offender after they gain access.

Types of Brute Force Attacks

• Simple brute force attack—uses a scientific approach to ‘guess’ that doesn’t believe outside logic.
• Hybrid brute force attacks—starts from external logic to see that parole variation could also be presumably to succeed, then continues with the easy approach to undertake several potential variations.
• Dictionary attacks—guesses username or passwords employing a wordbook of potential strings or phrases.
• Rainbow table attacks—a rainbow table could be a precomputed table for reversing cryptologic hash functions. It may be wont to guess a perform up to a precise length consisting of a restricted set of characters.
• Reverse brute force attack—uses a typical parole or assortment of passwords against several potential username . Targets a network of users that the attackers have antecedently obtained knowledge.
• Credential stuffing—uses previously-known password-username pairs, attempting them against multiple websites. Exploits the actual fact that several users have an equivalent username and parole across totally different systems.

Hydra and different widespread Brute Force Attack Tools

Security analysts use the THC-Hydra tool to spot vulnerabilities in shopper systems. Hydra quickly runs through an outsized range of parole combos, either easy brute force or dictionary-based. It will attack quite fifty protocols and multiple operational systems. Hydra is an open platform; the safety community and attackers perpetually develop new modules.

Other high brute force tools are:
• Aircrack-ng—can be used on Windows, Linux, iOS, and golem. It uses a wordbook of wide used passwords to breach wireless networks.
• John the Ripper—runs on fifteen totally different platforms as well as UNIX operating system, Windows, and OpenVMS. Tries all potential combos employing a dictionary of potential passwords.
• L0phtCrack—a tool for cracking Windows passwords. It uses rainbow tables, dictionaries, and digital computer algorithms.
• Hashcat—works on Windows, Linux, and Mac OS. will perform easy brute force, rule-based, and hybrid attacks.
• DaveGrohl—an open-source tool for cracking mac OS. may be distributed across multiple computers.
• Ncrack—a tool for cracking network authentication. It may be used on Windows, Linux, and BSD.

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